- Reference Guide -

Understanding Your Medications Matters

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Here you’ll find commonly used medications organized by category, along with general information about what they’re used for and how they’re typically taken. This page is meant to support conversations with your pharmacist — not replace professional advice.

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-Designed for everyday questions-

A Simple Medication Reference Guide

Medications play an essential role in managing health conditions, relieving symptoms, and supporting recovery. Understanding what your medication is used for — and how to take it properly — helps reduce side effects, improve results, and keep you safe.

This page provides clear, easy-to-understand information about commonly prescribed and over-the-counter medications. While this content is educational, your pharmacist is always the best resource for personalized guidance.

Medication Education Center

Explore widely used medications and learn what they’re commonly used for, how they work at a high level, and key things to know before taking them.

Educational Notice: This content is for general education only and does not replace medical advice. Always follow your prescriber’s directions and the product label. Ask a pharmacist or clinician if you have questions, are pregnant, take blood thinners, or manage chronic conditions.

Pain & Inflammation

OTC Analgesic

Acetaminophen

What it’s commonly used for:
Fever and mild–moderate pain (headache, aches, dental pain).

How it works:
Helps reduce pain signaling in the brain and lowers temperature during fever; not anti-inflammatory.

What to know:
Combining multiple acetaminophen products increases liver risk—check labels carefully.

NSAID

Ibuprofen

What it’s commonly used for:
Pain with inflammation (sprains, cramps, arthritis discomfort).

How it works:
Reduces inflammatory chemicals that contribute to pain and swelling.

What to know:
Can irritate stomach and affect kidneys in some; ask if you use blood thinners.

NSAID

Naproxen

What it’s commonly used for:
Longer-lasting relief for inflammation-related pain.

How it works:
Similar NSAID mechanism; duration tends to be longer than ibuprofen.

What to know:
Avoid “stacking” with other NSAIDs; stomach and kidney cautions still apply.

Topical NSAID

Diclofenac Gel

What it’s commonly used for:
Localized joint/muscle pain (hands, knees, minor strains).

How it works:
Delivers anti-inflammatory medicine directly to the area with lower overall exposure.

What to know:
Apply to intact skin only; wash hands after; avoid heat wraps over application site.

Local Anesthetic

Lidocaine Patch/Cream

What it’s commonly used for:
Localized pain or nerve-type discomfort (selected cases).

How it works:
Numbs nerve signaling near the skin surface.

What to know:
Follow time limits on the label; avoid applying to broken skin unless directed.

Muscle Relaxant (Rx)

Cyclobenzaprine

What it’s commonly used for:
Short-term treatment of muscle spasm from strain/sprain.

How it works:
Acts on the central nervous system to reduce muscle spasm sensation.

What to know:
Drowsiness is common; avoid alcohol and driving until you know your response.

Neuropathic (Rx)

Gabapentin

What it’s commonly used for:
Nerve pain (e.g., shingles-related pain) and seizure disorders.

How it works:
Modulates nerve signaling to reduce abnormal “over-firing.”

What to know:
May cause dizziness/sleepiness; don’t stop suddenly without guidance.

Migraine (Rx)

Sumatriptan

What it’s commonly used for:
Acute migraine attacks (not prevention).

How it works:
Targets specific serotonin receptors to reduce migraine-related blood vessel changes.

What to know:
Not for certain heart/vascular conditions; take at early migraine symptoms per plan.

Allergy Relief

Antihistamine

Loratadine

What it’s commonly used for:
Sneezing, runny nose, itchy/watery eyes from seasonal allergies.

How it works:
Blocks histamine receptors that drive allergy symptoms.

What to know:
Usually non-drowsy; best results often come with consistent daily use in season.

Antihistamine

Cetirizine

What it’s commonly used for:
Allergies and itching/hives in many patients.

How it works:
Blocks histamine’s effects on the body’s tissues.

What to know:
Can cause drowsiness in some—consider evening dosing if it makes you sleepy.

Antihistamine

Fexofenadine

What it’s commonly used for:
Seasonal allergy symptoms.

How it works:
Histamine receptor blocker with low sedation for many.

What to know:
Certain fruit juices may reduce absorption—ask a pharmacist about timing.

Nasal Steroid

Fluticasone Nasal Spray

What it’s commonly used for:
Allergy congestion, nasal swelling, post-nasal drip symptoms.

How it works:
Reduces inflammation in nasal passages over time.

What to know:
Not instant—often takes several days for full benefit; use daily for best results.

Nasal Steroid

Triamcinolone Nasal Spray

What it’s commonly used for:
Seasonal allergy congestion and nasal irritation.

How it works:
Anti-inflammatory action directly in the nose.

What to know:
Technique matters—aim away from nasal septum to reduce irritation/bleeding.

Eye Allergy

Olopatadine Eye Drops

What it’s commonly used for:
Itchy, watery eyes from allergies.

How it works:
Blocks allergy mediators in the eye.

What to know:
Follow contact lens guidance; avoid touching dropper to eye for hygiene.

Sedating Antihistamine

Diphenhydramine

What it’s commonly used for:
Allergy itching and occasional short-term sleep support.

How it works:
Blocks histamine but also affects other receptors → sedation.

What to know:
Not ideal for older adults; may cause dry mouth, confusion, urinary retention.

Leukotriene (Rx)

Montelukast

What it’s commonly used for:
Selected allergy/asthma control plans.

How it works:
Blocks leukotrienes—chemicals involved in airway inflammation.

What to know:
Discuss mood-related warnings with your provider; not for immediate symptom relief.

Digestive Health

PPI

Omeprazole

What it’s commonly used for:
Frequent heartburn/GERD and acid-related irritation.

How it works:
Turns down acid-producing “pumps” in the stomach.

What to know:
Not instant relief; consistency matters. Ask about duration if using long-term.

H2 Blocker

Famotidine

What it’s commonly used for:
Heartburn and indigestion, including nighttime symptoms.

How it works:
Reduces acid production by blocking histamine signals in the stomach.

What to know:
Often works faster than PPIs for some symptoms; timing can be meal-related.

Antacid

Calcium Carbonate

What it’s commonly used for:
Quick, short-term heartburn relief.

How it works:
Neutralizes existing stomach acid.

What to know:
Can cause constipation; separate from certain medicines (thyroid/iron) if advised.

Antidiarrheal

Loperamide

What it’s commonly used for:
Short-term control of diarrhea.

How it works:
Slows intestinal movement so more water is absorbed.

What to know:
Avoid if fever/bloody stool unless directed; hydration is essential.

Gas Relief

Simethicone

What it’s commonly used for:
Gas and bloating discomfort.

How it works:
Breaks surface tension of gas bubbles to make them easier to pass.

What to know:
Low systemic absorption; often used after meals or at bedtime as needed.

Osmotic Laxative

Polyethylene Glycol

What it’s commonly used for:
Constipation relief (gentle option for many).

How it works:
Draws water into the colon to soften stool.

What to know:
May take 1–3 days; good hydration improves results.

Antiemetic (Rx)

Ondansetron

What it’s commonly used for:
Nausea/vomiting from various causes (per clinician).

How it works:
Blocks serotonin receptors that trigger nausea pathways.

What to know:
Constipation/headache can happen; ask about interactions if on heart rhythm meds.

Stimulant Laxative

Senna

What it’s commonly used for:
Short-term constipation relief.

How it works:
Stimulates bowel activity to move stool along.

What to know:
Best short-term; overuse can lead to dependence—ask if you need it frequently.

Heart & Blood Pressure

ACE Inhibitor (Rx)

Lisinopril

What it’s commonly used for:
Blood pressure control and heart protection in selected patients.

How it works:
Relaxes blood vessels by altering hormone signals that tighten vessels.

What to know:
Dry cough can occur; monitoring kidney function and potassium may be needed.

ARB (Rx)

Losartan

What it’s commonly used for:
Blood pressure control, kidney protection in selected patients.

How it works:
Blocks a receptor that causes blood vessels to constrict.

What to know:
Monitoring potassium/kidneys is common; discuss pregnancy precautions.

Calcium Channel Blocker (Rx)

Amlodipine

What it’s commonly used for:
High blood pressure and angina (chest pain) management.

How it works:
Relaxes blood vessels by limiting calcium movement into muscle cells.

What to know:
Ankle swelling can happen; don’t stop without discussing with your provider.

Beta Blocker (Rx)

Metoprolol

What it’s commonly used for:
Heart rate control, blood pressure, certain heart conditions.

How it works:
Reduces adrenaline effects on the heart → slower rate and less workload.

What to know:
Do not stop suddenly; can cause fatigue or dizziness initially.

Thiazide Diuretic (Rx)

Hydrochlorothiazide

What it’s commonly used for:
Blood pressure and mild fluid retention.

How it works:
Helps the body remove salt/water via kidneys.

What to know:
Electrolyte monitoring may be needed; often taken earlier in the day.

Statin (Rx)

Atorvastatin

What it’s commonly used for:
Lowering LDL cholesterol and reducing cardiovascular risk.

How it works:
Reduces cholesterol production in the liver.

What to know:
Report unusual muscle pain; interactions exist—ask if you take multiple meds.

Anticoagulant (Rx)

Apixaban

What it’s commonly used for:
Preventing/treating blood clots; stroke prevention in AFib.

How it works:
Targets clotting factors to reduce clot formation risk.

What to know:
Bleeding risk—tell providers before procedures and don’t stop without guidance.

Antiplatelet (Rx)

Clopidogrel

What it’s commonly used for:
Reducing clot risk after stents or in certain vascular conditions.

How it works:
Prevents platelets from sticking together.

What to know:
Bleeding risk; interactions with some stomach-acid medicines may apply.

Diabetes Care

First-line (Rx)

Metformin

What it’s commonly used for:
Type 2 diabetes glucose control.

How it works:
Improves insulin sensitivity and reduces liver glucose production.

What to know:
Stomach upset can occur early—often improved by taking with meals.

Sulfonylurea (Rx)

Glipizide

What it’s commonly used for:
Type 2 diabetes (selected patients).

How it works:
Stimulates the pancreas to release more insulin.

What to know:
Can cause low blood sugar—know warning signs and meal timing matters.

DPP-4 Inhibitor (Rx)

Sitagliptin

What it’s commonly used for:
Type 2 diabetes glucose support.

How it works:
Enhances incretin hormones that help regulate insulin after meals.

What to know:
Kidney-based dose adjustments may apply; discuss pancreatitis warning signs.

SGLT2 Inhibitor (Rx)

Empagliflozin

What it’s commonly used for:
Type 2 diabetes; heart/kidney benefit in selected patients.

How it works:
Helps the kidneys remove excess glucose through urine.

What to know:
Hydration matters; UTIs/yeast infection risk may increase—report symptoms early.

GLP-1 (Rx)

Semaglutide

What it’s commonly used for:
Type 2 diabetes; weight management (product/indication dependent).

How it works:
Improves insulin response and reduces appetite signaling.

What to know:
GI effects are common initially; dose is usually increased gradually.

Basal Insulin (Rx)

Insulin Glargine

What it’s commonly used for:
Long-acting insulin support for diabetes management plans.

How it works:
Provides steady insulin coverage over many hours.

What to know:
Injection technique and storage matter; hypoglycemia prevention is key.

Rapid Insulin (Rx)

Insulin Lispro

What it’s commonly used for:
Mealtime glucose spikes in insulin plans.

How it works:
Quickly lowers blood glucose by helping cells take up sugar.

What to know:
Timing with meals is critical; learn your hypoglycemia plan.

Emergency Rescue (Rx)

Glucagon Kit

What it’s commonly used for:
Emergency treatment of severe low blood sugar.

How it works:
Signals the liver to release stored glucose.

What to know:
Caregivers should be trained; follow up with medical care after use.

Respiratory & Asthma

Rescue Inhaler (Rx)

Albuterol

What it’s commonly used for:
Quick relief of wheeze/shortness of breath.

How it works:
Relaxes airway muscles to open breathing passages.

What to know:
Frequent use can signal poor control—review your asthma plan if you rely on it often.

Controller (Rx)

Fluticasone Inhaler

What it’s commonly used for:
Long-term asthma inflammation control.

How it works:
Reduces airway inflammation over time.

What to know:
Rinse mouth after use; not for sudden symptoms.

ICS/LABA (Rx)

Budesonide–Formoterol

What it’s commonly used for:
Maintenance asthma control (and specific action plans in some cases).

How it works:
Combines anti-inflammatory steroid with long-acting bronchodilator.

What to know:
Use exactly as prescribed; rinse mouth; avoid exceeding plan.

COPD Maintenance (Rx)

Tiotropium

What it’s commonly used for:
COPD maintenance, sometimes asthma add-on therapy.

How it works:
Keeps airways more open by blocking tightening signals.

What to know:
Not for immediate relief; consistent daily use matters.

Nasal Steroid

Fluticasone Nasal Spray

What it’s commonly used for:
Allergic rhinitis congestion that worsens breathing comfort.

How it works:
Reduces nasal inflammation and swelling.

What to know:
Daily use is typically more effective than occasional use.

Expectorant

Guaifenesin

What it’s commonly used for:
Chest congestion and thick mucus support.

How it works:
Thins mucus so it’s easier to cough up.

What to know:
Hydration helps; check combination cold meds to avoid duplicates.

Cough Suppressant

Dextromethorphan

What it’s commonly used for:
Dry, irritating cough.

How it works:
Acts on cough centers in the brain to reduce cough reflex.

What to know:
Be cautious with antidepressants/serotonergic meds—ask a pharmacist.

Oral Steroid (Rx)

Prednisone

What it’s commonly used for:
Short courses for significant inflammation or asthma flare (provider-directed).

How it works:
Powerfully reduces immune-driven inflammation.

What to know:
Side effects depend on dose/duration; follow taper instructions if provided.

Mental Health

SSRI (Rx)

Sertraline

What it’s commonly used for:
Depression, generalized anxiety, panic, and related disorders.

How it works:
Helps balance serotonin signaling over time.

What to know:
Benefits may take weeks; don’t stop abruptly—taper plans matter.

SSRI (Rx)

Fluoxetine

What it’s commonly used for:
Depression, anxiety, OCD in some patients.

How it works:
Increases serotonin activity by limiting reuptake.

What to know:
Can be activating; timing can be adjusted by your clinician if needed.

SSRI (Rx)

Escitalopram

What it’s commonly used for:
Anxiety and depressive disorders.

How it works:
Supports serotonin stability to reduce symptoms.

What to know:
Consistency is key; discuss side effects and tapering with your provider.

NDRI (Rx)

Bupropion

What it’s commonly used for:
Depression; smoking cessation support (some products).

How it works:
Affects dopamine and norepinephrine pathways.

What to know:
May increase anxiety in some; seizure risk rises at high doses or with misuse.

Anxiolytic (Rx)

Buspirone

What it’s commonly used for:
Generalized anxiety (selected patients).

How it works:
Modulates serotonin receptors differently than SSRIs.

What to know:
Often not “as-needed”; works best when taken consistently over time.

Sleep Support (Rx)

Trazodone

What it’s commonly used for:
Sleep difficulty (common use) and depression in some.

How it works:
Has sedating effects through serotonin and other receptors.

What to know:
Drowsiness can carry into morning; avoid alcohol and other sedatives.

Sedating (Rx)

Hydroxyzine

What it’s commonly used for:
Anxiety symptoms or itching/allergy-related discomfort.

How it works:
Antihistamine with calming, sedating properties.

What to know:
Can impair alertness; avoid driving until you know your response.

Mood Stabilizer (Rx)

Lamotrigine

What it’s commonly used for:
Bipolar disorder (maintenance) and seizure disorders.

How it works:
Stabilizes nerve signaling involved in mood and seizures.

What to know:
Must be titrated slowly; seek care for serious rash or fever.

Infection (Antibiotics/Antivirals)

Antibiotic (Rx)

Amoxicillin

What it’s commonly used for:
Common bacterial infections (as diagnosed).

How it works:
Disrupts bacterial cell wall formation.

What to know:
Finish the prescribed course unless instructed; allergy history matters.

Antibiotic (Rx)

Amoxicillin–Clavulanate

What it’s commonly used for:
Broader bacterial coverage for certain sinus/skin/respiratory infections.

How it works:
Clavulanate helps prevent bacterial resistance to amoxicillin.

What to know:
Often taken with food to reduce stomach upset; diarrhea can occur.

Antibiotic (Rx)

Azithromycin

What it’s commonly used for:
Respiratory and other infections when appropriate.

How it works:
Inhibits bacterial protein production to stop growth.

What to know:
Take exactly as directed; ask about heart rhythm interactions if you have risks.

Antibiotic (Rx)

Doxycycline

What it’s commonly used for:
Acne, respiratory infections, tick-borne infections (as diagnosed).

How it works:
Blocks bacterial protein synthesis.

What to know:
Sun sensitivity is common; take with water and avoid lying down immediately after.

Antibiotic (Rx)

Cephalexin

What it’s commonly used for:
Skin and urinary infections (as diagnosed).

How it works:
Damages bacterial cell wall integrity.

What to know:
Take on schedule; tell provider about penicillin/cephalosporin allergies.

UTI Antibiotic (Rx)

Nitrofurantoin

What it’s commonly used for:
Uncomplicated urinary tract infections.

How it works:
Concentrates in urine and damages bacterial components.

What to know:
Often taken with food; suitability depends on kidney function.

Antifungal (Rx)

Fluconazole

What it’s commonly used for:
Yeast/fungal infections (as diagnosed).

How it works:
Disrupts fungal cell membrane formation.

What to know:
Interactions are common—confirm with a pharmacist if you take multiple meds.

Antiviral (Rx)

Valacyclovir

What it’s commonly used for:
Cold sores, genital herpes, shingles management (provider-directed).

How it works:
Slows viral replication to reduce severity and duration.

What to know:
Works best when started early; hydration is helpful, especially in older adults.

Skin Care & Dermatology

Topical Steroid (OTC)

Hydrocortisone 1%

What it’s commonly used for:
Mild rashes, itching, dermatitis flare-ups.

How it works:
Reduces local inflammation and itch signaling in the skin.

What to know:
Use thin layer short-term; avoid long-term facial use unless directed.

Topical Steroid (Rx)

Triamcinolone

What it’s commonly used for:
Moderate eczema/dermatitis flare control.

How it works:
Stronger anti-inflammatory action in the skin than OTC hydrocortisone.

What to know:
Potency matters; follow duration instructions to avoid thinning skin.

Antifungal (OTC)

Clotrimazole

What it’s commonly used for:
Athlete’s foot, ringworm, yeast-type skin infections.

How it works:
Stops fungi from building protective cell membranes.

What to know:
Consistency is key—continue for the full label duration even if symptoms improve.

Antifungal (OTC)

Terbinafine

What it’s commonly used for:
Common fungal rashes like athlete’s foot.

How it works:
Disrupts fungal membrane production.

What to know:
Often a shorter course; keep area dry to prevent recurrence.

Topical Antibiotic (Rx)

Mupirocin

What it’s commonly used for:
Localized bacterial skin infections (provider-directed).

How it works:
Blocks bacterial protein production at the site.

What to know:
Use as directed and keep the area clean; don’t use for long periods unless advised.

Acne Therapy (OTC)

Benzoyl Peroxide

What it’s commonly used for:
Acne prevention and spot treatment.

How it works:
Reduces acne-causing bacteria and inflammation.

What to know:
Can dry skin and bleach fabrics—start slowly and moisturize.

Retinoid (OTC)

Adapalene

What it’s commonly used for:
Acne prevention by keeping pores clear.

How it works:
Normalizes skin cell turnover to reduce clogged pores.

What to know:
Results take weeks; use sunscreen and moisturize to reduce irritation.

Barrier Support

Ceramide Moisturizer

What it’s commonly used for:
Dry, sensitive skin and eczema support.

How it works:
Rebuilds skin barrier and reduces moisture loss.

What to know:
Fragrance-free options are often best for sensitive skin; apply after bathing.

Women’s Health

Pain Relief (OTC)

Ibuprofen (Menstrual Cramps)

What it’s commonly used for:
Menstrual cramps and period-related inflammation.

How it works:
Reduces prostaglandins that drive cramps and inflammation.

What to know:
Taking with food may help stomach comfort; ask if you have bleeding risks.

Emergency Contraception

Levonorgestrel (OTC)

What it’s commonly used for:
Backup contraception after unprotected intercourse.

How it works:
Delays ovulation to reduce pregnancy risk.

What to know:
Works best as soon as possible; may change next period timing.

Antifungal (Rx/OTC)

Fluconazole

What it’s commonly used for:
Vaginal yeast infections (when diagnosed).

How it works:
Targets fungal membrane formation to stop growth.

What to know:
Recurrent symptoms may need evaluation; interactions can occur—ask a pharmacist.

Antibiotic (Rx)

Metronidazole

What it’s commonly used for:
BV and certain infections (provider-directed).

How it works:
Damages DNA in susceptible microbes.

What to know:
Avoid alcohol per guidance; complete the course even if symptoms improve.

UTI Support

Phenazopyridine (OTC)

What it’s commonly used for:
Temporary relief of urinary burning/urgency discomfort.

How it works:
Soothes the urinary tract lining (symptom relief only).

What to know:
Turns urine orange; does not treat infection—seek care for UTI symptoms.

Iron Supplement

Ferrous Sulfate

What it’s commonly used for:
Iron deficiency anemia support (provider/label guided).

How it works:
Replenishes iron needed to make healthy red blood cells.

What to know:
Constipation is common; separate from thyroid meds and some antibiotics if advised.

Prenatal Vitamin

Prenatal Multivitamin

What it’s commonly used for:
Nutritional support for pregnancy planning and pregnancy.

How it works:
Provides folate/iron and key nutrients to support development.

What to know:
Take with food if nauseated; ask about iron-related constipation tips.

Hormonal Contraception (Rx)

Combined Oral Contraceptive

What it’s commonly used for:
Pregnancy prevention and cycle regulation in some patients.

How it works:
Prevents ovulation and thickens cervical mucus.

What to know:
Consistency matters; discuss clot risk factors and missed-pill guidance with a clinician.

- FAQ'S -

QUESTIONS. ANSWERED.

  • This page is designed to provide general, easy-to-understand information about commonly used prescription and over-the-counter medications. It explains what certain medications are typically used for and how they are commonly taken. The goal is to help patients feel more informed and confident, while encouraging conversations with a pharmacist for personalized guidance.

  • No. The information on this page is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Medications affect people differently based on health history, other medications, and individual needs. Always follow instructions provided by your healthcare provider or pharmacist.

  • Only a licensed healthcare provider or pharmacist can determine whether a medication is appropriate for you. Factors such as existing conditions, allergies, other medications, and dosage requirements all matter. A pharmacist can review your medication profile and help answer questions before you start or change a medication.

  • If anything on your prescription label is unclear — including dosage, timing, or instructions — you should speak with your pharmacist before taking the medication. Asking questions helps prevent mistakes and ensures the medication works as intended.

  • Sometimes yes, sometimes no. Many over-the-counter medications can interact with prescription drugs or worsen certain health conditions. Before combining OTC products with prescriptions, it’s important to ask a pharmacist to ensure the combination is safe.

  • Generic medications contain the same active ingredients and are held to the same safety and effectiveness standards as brand-name drugs. They are often more affordable and are appropriate for most patients. Your pharmacist can explain your options and help you decide what works best for you.

  • Most medications should be stored in a cool, dry place away from heat, moisture, and direct sunlight. Bathrooms and kitchens are often not ideal. Medications should remain in their original containers with clear labels to avoid confusion.

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  • Experience That Matters

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*Disclaimer: Medication use depends on individual health needs, conditions, and other medications being taken. Always follow the directions provided by your healthcare provider or pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change medications without professional guidance.

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